1.
Richard Carpenter
Gene Zubrinsky’s original notes (ca. 2000), different venue from the later Carpenter Sketches, received August 2018:
RICHARDA CARPENTER_ born unknown_ place _perhaps Newton Toney, Wiltshire__
died/place prob the RC bur. at Amesbury, Wilts, 21 Sep 1625 and (possible) spouse
ALICE KNIGHT (definitely not Susanna Trevelian) born unknown place _unknown__
died _unknown______ place _unknown____________________________________
married _7 Aug 1603 (if AK correct)___ place _Newton Toney (if AK correct)_____
List proof: Early Records of Providence, 5:323-25 (see no. 12, proof section, above); Amesbury Parish
5 Reg., 1:n.p. (bur rec). In adjacent parish of Newton Toney, one RC m. Alice Knight, 7 Aug 1603, and another m. Ann Kent, 31 Oct 1603 (Newton Toney Parish Reg., n.p. [FHL film 1,279,336, item 13]).
Latter man d. Newton Toney, 1614 (ibid.; Archdeaconry Court of Sarum, Reg. 8, fol. 226 [FHL 994,
489, item 1]); former RC’s mar. rec. only Newton Toney rec. surely his (res. elsewhere?). Legatees
named in 1599 will of Robert Carpenter of Newton Toney incl. Richard Carpenter of “Aymsbury”
(relationship not stated) (Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 93 Kidd, fol. 47 [FHL 92,005]). Further
evidence that this RC m. AK or that they were W1C’s parents is not found, however. See also
http://carpentercousins.com/RichardA_Amesbury.pdf.
14. The said (no. 13, line 2) __RICHARDA CARPENTER_______________ was the child of
UNKNOWN (Robert Carpenter of Marden, Wiltshire, unlikely) born _____ place _____
died ______________ place ___________________________ and (1st or ) spouse
UNKNOWN___________________ born _____________ place _________________
died _________________ place ________________________________________
married ______________ place ________________________________________
List proof: Legatees named in Robert of Marden will (dtd 12 Jan 1606[/7?], proved 21 May 1607)
incl. sons William, Richard (also “my [unident.] sonnes childe Willm”) (Prerogative Court of Canterbury,
109 Huddleston, fol. 42 [FHL film 92,029]). No evidence establishing either man as W1C of
Shalbourne, Wherwell, and Bevis (no. 13a, line 2) or as RAC of Amesbury (no. 13, line 2), resp. As
recipient of father’s Marden real estate, Richard’s being the Amesbury man is doubtful. Apparent
family connection between Robert Carpenter of Newton Toney and Richard of Amesbury (see no. 13,
proof section, above) further diminishes likelihood that latter was son of Robert Carpenter of Marden.
Notes below by Eugene Cole Zubrinsky
Ojai, California, 2009
[Derived from one of twelve fully formatted sketches of early Carpenters, these notes contain the most-authoritative information available as of January 2009. The sketches may be viewed in the "Gene Zubrinsky" folder of the CE 2009 and also online at . (The online version will be updated when appropriate; check the revision date.) **Where other information herein conflicts with Zubrinsky's notes, his notes take precedence.**]
RICHARD CARPENTER, father of William1 Carpenter of Providence, Rhode Island, was born in England, probably in or near the Wiltshire town and parish of Amesbury or the adjacent parish of Newton Ton(e)y (not in Nettlecombe, Somerset). Probably the man of that name buried at Amesbury on 21 September 1625, he died intestate. It is possible but not confirmed that he was the Richard Carpenter who married at Newton Tony on 7 August 1603, Alice Knight (AmParReg 1:n.p.; NTParReg n.p.; see also MARRIAGE, OCCUPATION, and COMMENTS sections, below). [While the foregoing genealogical data is presented in _Register_ style, the embedding, grouping, and severe abbreviating of source citations are conveniences that depart from it. Sources are cited in full in KEY TO SOURCES, at the end of these notes. The format below is patterned loosely after that used by Robert Charles Anderson in his _Great Migration_ series.]
BIRTH: A baptismal record for Richard has not been found, and, as above, it is not certain that he married in 1603 (see also MARRIAGE, below). There is consequently nothing on which to base a useful estimate of his birth year.
MARRIAGE: At Newton Tony on 7 August 1603, a Richard Carpenter married Alice Knight; another man so named married Ann Kent there on 31 October 1603 (NTParReg n.p.). The latter died at Newton Tony in 1614, leaving four children, none of whose names correspond to the known children of Richard of Amesbury (ibid.; ACS 8:226-27; see also CHILDREN and COMMENTS [chart], below). The only Newton Tony record surely of the former man is that of his marriage to Alice Knight. (There is no support for the claim that this Alice Knight was the one baptized at South Bersted, Sussex, on 8 October 1583, daughter of Thomas and Katherine (______) Knight [see CECD 2001; IGI extraction, citing SBParReg].)
Among the many legatees named in the 1598[/9] will of an apparently childless Robert Carpenter of Newton Tony is Richard Carpenter of "Aymsbury" (relationship not stated) (PCC 93 Kidd fol. 47). The latter is perhaps the man who married Alice Knight four years later, but evidence of this or of the couple's being the parents of William1 Carpenter of Providence is not found.
"[H]oping to assist further research," Elisha Arnold (1935) introduces the 1606 marriage of Richard Carpenter and Susanna Trevelian, recorded at Nettlecombe, Somerset (seventy plus miles from Amesbury), as "seem[ing] to connect in some way with a John and Richard at Salisbury, 7 miles from Amesbury" (Arnold Mem 35). So as to put the eventual William1 and Elizabeth (Arnold) Carpenter of Providence in close proximity in England (she was from Ilchester, Somerset), overzealous researchers have converted this item into the assertions, now frequently seen online, that Richard and Susanna (Trevelian) Carpenter were Providence William's parents and that Richard died at Ilchester in 1625. Trevelian's husband, however, died at Loxhore, Devon, in 1627 and left neither a son William nor a daughter Frideswide, the only known children of Richard Carpenter of Amesbury (see OCCUPATION, ESTATE, and CHILDREN, below).
RESIDENCE: Amesbury (town and parish), probably by 4 January 1598[/9] (see PCC 93 Kidd fol. 47; AmParReg 1:n.p.; PrTR 5:323-25; MARRIAGE, above; COMMENTS, below).
The house and adjoining property that Richard's son, the eventual William1 of Providence, inherited from his father was on Frog Lane (now part of Flower Lane), which ran from the River Avon to the marketplace (PrTR 5:323-25; Amesbury Hist 23, 33, 86, 87).
Amesbury had a "Carpenter Street (perhaps named after an individual called Carpenter rather than implying a street of carpenters) . . . as early as 1321" (Amesbury Hist 23).
OCCUPATION: By the fourteenth century, Amesbury was seventh in both size and prosperity among Wiltshire towns (Amesbury Hist 24). "Most important of all to Amesbury's prosperity was that it possessed a weekly market [and held annual fairs]. . . . This trading function . . . enabled specialist skills and crafts to develop in the town. According to the Antrobus Deeds, a carpenter, baker, washerwoman, fleshmonger, merchant, draper, cobbler, tailor, leatherworker, and chandler all existed in medieval or Tudor Amesbury" (Amesbury Hist 22). A resident freeholder of the town, Richard was probably a tradesman, perhaps a carpenter like his son.
Daniel Hoogland Carpenter, convinced that Richard was a dissenting clergyman, relates that he was rector at Sherwell (in rural Devon); spent five years in France; upon his return became vicar of Poling, a Sussex parish; and was in 1670 living at Amesbury (see Carpenter [1901] 351). His account, however, merges (and mangles) the biographies of two clergymen named Richard Carpenter, neither of whom is the subject of this sketch. One entered Exeter College, Oxford, in 1592; became rector of Sherwell (now Shirwell) in 1605 and of adjacent Loxhore in 1611; married Susan Trevelyan of Nettlecombe, Somerset, in 1606; received a Doctor of Divinity degree in 1616/7; and died at Loxhore in 1627, aged 52 (Exeter Reg1 86-87, 370; Exeter Reg2 26-27). His will mentions several children but none named William or Frideswide (Somerset Will Abstr 2:109-10). The other entered Kings College, Cambridge, in 1622 (making him only a few years older than the subject's son, William1 of Providence); twice lived in Europe for a few years; was vicar of Poling from 1635 to about 1642; alternated between Protestantism and Catholicism; married in middle age; and finally settled not in Amesbury but Aylesbury, in Buckinghamshire, where he died about 1670 (DNB 1072; DPP 542-43).
ESTATE: Lacking an inventory of Richard's estate, we have only the 1671 deed from his son, William, to the latter's sister, Frideswide, indicating that their father had died in possession of a "dwelling house with . . . Land . . . adjoyneing to the sayd house" on Frog Lane in Amesbury (see PrTR 5:323-25; RESIDENCE, above; COMMENTS, below).
CHILDREN: Both born probably at Amesbury; birth order uncertain.
i. WILLIAM1 CARPENTER, b. say 1610, d. Pawtuxet (Providence), Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 7 Sept. 1685; m. ca. 1637, probably Providence (not by 1635, in England), ELIZABETH ARNOLD, b. Ilchester, Somerset (not Cheselbourne, Dorset), England, 23 November 1611, d. after 10 February 1679/80 (date of husband's will), dau. of William1 and Christian (Peak) Arnold (PrTR 5:323-25, 6:141, 150, 17:62-63; NEHGR 33:428, 69:66-68, 159:67-68; Austin 36). For additional information about William and his family, see his sketch (link online at ).
ii. FRIDESWIDE [pron. Friddusweed] CARPENTER (forename, from Old English _Fritheswith_, found in Amesbury and Providence records as Frittisweed, Fridizweed, Fridgesweet[e], and Fridgswett--never Fridgswith, as per Carpenter [1901] and others), bur. Amesbury 22 Nov. 1680; m. before 16 Sept. 1632 (dau. Joan baptized at Amesbury), NICHOLAS VINCENT, bur. Amesbury 17 July 1671 (AmParReg 1:n.p., 2:n.p.; PrTR 5:323-24; Carpenter [1901] 321 mistakenly gives Nicholas's forename as Thomas).
Frideswide's daughter, Joan, married at Providence on or about 26 March 1660, John Sheldon (PrTR 4:112-13, 5:49, 299-300; RIVR 2:1[Providence]:167, 190; Austin 176-77; Sheldon Gen 1). Joan's brother William (bp. Amesbury, 17 June 1638), married at Providence, 31 May 1670, as his first wife, his cousin Priscilla Carpenter, daughter of his mother's brother, William1 of Providence (AmParReg 1:n.p.; PrTR 1:82-83, 5:294, 21:86; RIVR 2:1[Providence]:37).
Richard Carpenter may have fathered additional children, but evidence of it has not been found. Extant Amesbury parish records contain no entries pertaining to the baptisms of Richard's children, nor do the more complete Newton Tony records. There is no support for the occasional claim that Dorothy Carpenter--married at Salisbury, Wiltshire, on 13 July 1618 to Stephen Rose--was Richard's daughter (see CECD 2001; PR File).
COMMENTS: No will is found for Richard Carpenter. His intestacy is confirmed by a deed of 4 December 1671 by which William1 Carpenter of Pawtuxet (Providence), Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, gives to his sister, "Fridgsweete" Vincent of the town and parish of Amesbury, "my dwelling house" and adjoining land there that "did in ye originall belonge unto my ffather Richard Carpenter (now deceased) but fell to be my Right as I was son and Heire unto my aforesaid ffather Richard Carpenter" (PrTR 5:323-25). The quoted passage makes it clear that the property had not been explicitly bequeathed to William but devolved to him according to law. This deed, incidentally, is the sole source of our knowledge of the Amesbury origin of William1 Carpenter of Providence and the identity of his father and sister.
The will of Robert Carpenter of Marden, Wiltshire, dated 12 January 1606[/7?] and proved 21 May 1607, names (among others) adult sons William and Richard (PCC 109 Huddleston fol. 42). It has been claimed that these brothers were William1 Carpenter [of Shalbourne, Wiltshire], father of William2 of Rehoboth, Massachusetts, and Richard Carpenter of Amesbury, father of William1 of Providence (see, for example, News-Journal 1:3:n.p.; CECD 2001). While it is not impossible that William1 of Shalbourne was the son of Robert of Marden, evidence of it has not been found. And with Robert's son Richard the implied recipient of his father's Marden real estate, his being the Amesbury man is extremely doubtful. (Robert makes specific bequests of money, animals, and barley; "All the reste of my goods moveable and unmoveable unbequeathed I geve to my welbeloved wife Elinor Carpenter and my sonne Richard.") The apparent family connection between Robert Carpenter of Newton Tony and his legatee Richard Carpenter, of Amesbury by 1598[/9], tends to diminish further the likelihood that Richard of Amesbury was the son of Robert Carpenter of Marden (see MARRIAGE, RESIDENCE, above). Genetic testing of agnate descendants of William of Shalbourne and Richard of Amesbury has established with a high degree of probability that the two were in fact related, but far more remotely than generally believed. For more-detailed discussions of these matters, see NEHGR 159 (2005):64-66, 67n63; William1 of Providence sketch, COMMENTS.
In CECD 2001, compiler John R. Carpenter presents an extensive ancestry for Richard Carpenter of Amesbury and William1 Carpenter of Shalbourne, beginning with the aforementioned Robert Carpenter of Marden and his widow, Elinor, as the parents of both. Most of this ancestry--back from Rev. Richard Carpenter of Herefordshire and Wiltshire (d. 1503)--has been proven invalid (NEHGR 159:65n53-66n53[contd.]); as above, the remainder is unsubstantiated and, particularly for the Amesbury man, dubious. Earlier versions of this ancestry, which differ from it for the first few generations (beginning with parents), are even more improbable than the CECD 2001 version (see, for example, Carpenter [1898] 1, 34). THE ANCESTRY OF RICHARD CARPENTER OF AMESBURY, INCLUDING HIS PARENTAGE, IS UNKNOWN (AS IS THAT OF WILLIAM1 OF SHALBOURNE).
Amos B. Carpenter, the first to assert that Richard Carpenter and William1 [of Shalbourne] were brothers, further claims that Alexander Carpenter of Wrington, Somersetshire, and Leiden, Netherlands, was another brother (see Carpenter [1898] 34). There is absolutely no support for this.
At the turn of the seventeenth century, Amesbury's neighboring parish of Newton Tony was home to several related Carpenter families; among them, identified in parish and probate records dated between 1590[/1] and 1612, were six Richard Carpenters (see chart sources, below). The eldest of these (located at the upper left of the chart, below) was the father, grandfather, or great-grandfather of the others. Among the many legatees named in his will, dated 12 March 1590[/1] and proved 15 January 1591[/2], are the children of his son William: _RICHARD_ (as his name appears near the center of the chart), Matthew, Alice, and [illegible] (ACS box 16C). When we account for factors of age, children's names, and date and place of death, William's son is the only one of the six Richards not disqualified from consideration as the Amesbury man.
Carpenters of Newton Tony
[Chart not reproducible by PAF text editor. View it in fully formatted sketch of Richard Carpenter of Amesbury in "Gene Zubrinsky" folder, CE 2009, or online at /RichardA-Amesbury.pdf>).]
_______________________________________________
Sources: Author's compilation derived from Newton Tony parish records (NTParReg) and the probate records of Newton Tony residents Richard Carpenter, will dated 12 March 1590[/1] and proved 15 January 1591[/2] (ACS box 16C); Robert Carpenter, will dated 4 January 1598[/9] and proved 22 June 1599 (PCC 93 Kidd fol. 47); Stephen Carpenter, will dated 21 September 1603 and proved 20 October 1603 (ACS box 17C); Richard Carpenter, will dated 8 June 1614 and proved 12 July 1614 (ACS 8:226-27); and Emme Carpenter [widow of Stephen], undated will proved 27 November 1632 (ACS 9:59B).
The grandchildren named in the elder Richard Carpenter's will, including his son William's four children and his son Richard's five, had of course been born by the date of the will, in 1590/1. The testator's daughter, Elizabeth, is listed after her brothers Richard and William and before John, Robert, and Stephen. It is therefore likely that, with the probable exception of Stephen (residual beneficiary and executor), they are named in the order of their birth (rather than chronologically by sex, males first, as was often done), and that William's four children are listed in the same fashion. It follows that Richard, by virtue of being the first-named of William's children, was the eldest, born probably in the early to mid 1580s. An obvious point of interest is that Richard's father's name, William, is also the name of the "son and Heire" of Richard of Amesbury (see par. 1, this section). Also, the 1598/9 will of Robert Carpenter of Newton Tony names Richard Carpenter of Amesbury immediately after Stephen Carpenter's son Robert (see MARRIAGE, chart, above). The latter and William's son Richard were first cousins (testator Robert was their grand uncle).
Though suggestive, the foregoing facts are insufficient to establish that this Richard Carpenter (son of William, grandson of Richard of Newton Tony [d. 1591]) was the Amesbury man, that he fathered William1 of Providence, and/or married Alice Knight in 1603 (see MARRIAGE, above). We cannot discount the possibility, for example, that it was this Richard's same-named uncle who, after the death of a previous wife, married Alice Knight (whose age and marital history are unknown). Or it may be that neither Alice Knight's husband nor Richard of Amesbury (whether or not they are the same person) appears on the chart. A search of the wills of Knights living in or near Newton Tony has not been undertaken by this writer but might prove useful.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: "Thumbnail History [of Amesbury]," online at (below map links); John H. Chandler and Peter S. Goodhugh, _Amesbury: History and Description of a South Wiltshire Town_ (Amesbury, 1979); Hugh Trevor-Roper, _Archbishop Laud: 1573-1645_ (London, 1940; repr. 2000 [paperback]); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, _Poverty and Piety in an English Village: Terling, 1525-1700_, 2nd ed. (Oxford, England, 1995 [paperback]).
KEY TO SOURCES:
ACS: Archdeaconry Court of Sarum, Registered Wills, vols. 8-9 [Family History Library (FHL), Salt Lake City, film #994,489]; Original Wills, boxes 16C-17C [FHL film #97,436]; digital images of ACS 8:226-27, 9:59B available online as P2/8Reg/226, P2/9Reg/59B at
Amesbury Hist: John H. Chandler and Peter S. Goodhugh, _Amesbury: History and Description of a South Wiltshire Town_ (Amesbury, 1979)
AmParReg: Parish Registers of Amesbury, Wiltshire [FHL film #1,279,337, items 25-26]
Arnold Mem: Elisha Stephen Arnold, _The Arnold Memorial: William Arnold of Providence and Pawtuxet, 1587-1675 . . ._ (Rutland, Vt., 1935)
Austin: John Osborne Austin, _The Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island_, rev. ed. (Baltimore, 1969)
Carpenter [1898]: Amos B. Carpenter, _A Genealogical History of the Rehoboth Branch of the Carpenter Family in America_ [informal title: _Carpenter Memorial_] (Amherst, Mass., 1898)
Carpenter [1901]: Daniel Hoogland Carpenter, _History and Genealogy of the Carpenter Family in America, from the Settlement at Providence, R.I., 1637-1901_ (Jamaica, N.Y., 1901)
CECD 2001: John R. Carpenter, comp., _Carpenters' Encyclopedia of Carpenters 2001_, CD-ROM (La Mesa, Calif., 2001)
DNB: Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, eds., _Dictionary of National Biography: From the Earliest Times to 1900_, vol. 3 (New York and London, 1908); digital images online at
DPP: Charles Henry Timperley, _A Dictionary of Printers and Printing, with the Progress of Literature, Ancient and Modern . . ._ (London, 1839); digital images online at
Exeter Reg1: Charles William Boase, ed., _Registrum Collegii Exoniensis: Register of . . . Exeter College, Oxford_ (Oxford, 1894); digital images online at
Exeter Reg2: _Exeter College Association, Register 2005_; digital images online at
IGI: International Genealogical Index, online at
NEHGR: _The New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, vol. 1 (1847) through present
News-Journal: _The Carpenter Family News-Journal_, vols. 1-5 (1971-1976) [FHL microfiches #6,047,153]
NTParReg: Parish Register of Newton Tony, Wiltshire [FHL film #1,279,336, item 13]
PCC: Prerogative Court of Canterbury, Registered Wills, vols. 93 Kidd [FHL film #92,005], 109 Huddleston [FHL film #92,029]; digital image of Robert Carpenter will transcription online at
PR File: Pedigree Resource File, online at
PrTR: _The Early Records of the Town of Providence_, 21 vols. (Providence, 1892-1915); digital images online at and
RIVR: James N. Arnold, _Vital Record of Rhode Island, 1636-1850_, 21 vols. (Providence, 1891-1912); digital images online at
SBParReg: Parish Register of South Bersted, Sussex
Sheldon Gen: Helen W. Brown, _Some Descendants of John Sheldon of Rhode Island_ (College Park, Md., 1964); digital images online at
Somerset Will Abstr: _Abstracts of Somersetshire Wills, etc., Copied from the Manuscript Collections of the Late Rev. Frederick Brown_, transcr. Frederick Arthur Crisp, 6 vols. (London, 1887-1890); digital images of vol. 2 (1888) online at
[Gene Zubrinsky's notes end here.]
&&&&&&&&&&
CHR: The following is placed here as the closest likely age/location to this person. No proof given any connection.
Name: Richard Carpenter
Gender: Male
Christening Date: 17 Dec 1580
Christening Place: Saint Thomas, Salisbury, Wiltshire, England
Birth Date:
Birthplace:
Death Date:
Name Note:
Race:
Father's Name: Thomas Carpenter
Father's Birthplace:
Father's Age:
Mother's Name:
Mother's Birthplace:
Mother's Age:
Indexing Project (Batch) Number: C15348-1
System Origin: England-EASy
GS Film number: 1279310
Reference ID: item 3
Citing this Record:
"England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NDB2-KYL : accessed 14 June 2015), Richard Carpenter, 17 Dec 1580; citing Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, reference item 3; FHL microfilm 1,279,310.
Source Information:
Ancestry.com. England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.
Original data: England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch, 2013.
SEE ALSO:
Source Citation:
Place: Salisbury, Wiltshire, England; Collection: St Thomas; -; Date Range: 1570 - 1904; Film Number: 1279310
Source Information:
Ancestry.com. England & Wales Christening Records, 1530-1906 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008.
Original data: Genealogical Society of Utah. British Isles Vital Records Index, 2nd Edition. Salt Lake City, Utah: Intellectual Reserve, copyright 2002. Used by permission.
OLD NOTES: The following notes consist of previously compiled data, some of which is incorrect. They are retained so that the reader may identify specific items contained in them that he or she might have thought worthy of inclusion in Gene Zubrinsky's notes (above) and will know that they were deliberately omitted for being erroneous or extraneous. For PAF and GEDCOM data files containing only his notes, see the "Gene Zubrinsky" folder of the CE 2009.
NOTE: Marriage to Alice Knight is deleted.
SEE "160 ALLIED FAMILIES" BY JOHN OSBORNE AUSTIN, 1893, REPRINTED 1977. (974.0 D2a) PAGE 56 AND 57.
"Richard Carpenter of Amesbury" Records at Amesbury show that he was buried there this date (1625,9,21). The names of Richard and Christina are found as family names in the early records of Amesbury; and either by coincidence or from a family connection, it is found that John Carpenter, Town Clerk of London in reigns of Henry V AND Henry VI (and executor of Richard Whitington "THRICE LORD MAYOR OF LONDON" who died 1422) had for parents Richard and Christina.
SEE: MARRIAGE CORRECTIONS BELOW!!!
WILL: A will dated 1614 witnessed by Robert Batt of Wiltshire is probably this Richard. Richard willed his property on Frog Lane in Amesbury to his son William. Thomas Lavington also witnessed the will and was the husband of Agnes Carpenter, daughter of Robert Carpenter of Upton Scudmore.
NOTE: I have not yet seen this will dated 1614 that should have been probated in 1625. However, that will a 1614 will (SEE "J50 Record Book") that was "witnessed by Robert Batt of Wiltshire" and that "Thomas Lavington also witnessed the will ..." refers to another Richard Carpenter, who married Ann Kent whose will was probated in 1614 and not 1625. My guess is that the phrase "is probably this Richard" is wrong. JRC
It was NOT THIS Richard who went to Barbadoes in 1634 with brothers William, Thomas and Elias. It was probably Richard b. 1607 of Homme. "This Richard of Amesbury, Wiltshire, made a trip to America. This is the work of Harry F. Rogers, genealogist, who found this information." (Wrong- Our Richard was dead by 1625,9,21!)
Per letter of Raymond G. Carpenter dated 21 Sept. 1998.
His Sources cited:
Copies of English Wills in Playfair's Britsh Antiquities (London) 1810; Davis & Owen New Peerage (London 1778) V7 page 108; L.G. PINE Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage; County Histories; Thomas Brewers Memoirss and History of the City of London School for Boys, London 1856 (Founded by John Carpenter the younger, the noted Town Clerk of London, Trice Lord Mayor of London, et cetera).
CHILD: Harry F. Rogers indicates a Dorothy Carpenter, daughter of Richard Carpenter of Amesbury married Stephen Rose At Salisbury Cathedral, Old Sarum in 1618. No mention of her as child in any other record. She possibly came from another marriage? YES! Mother was Alice Knight per Amesbury records.
MISC: We know that "Marden and Cheriton (Charlton?) Parishes, Wherwell in Wiltshire were Puritan strongholds."
Rev. Stephen Bachiler and Richard Dummer (who was on the Bevis in 1638) were actively engaged in persuading
religious dissenters to join them in New England with their Plough Company.
This includes a "William Carpenter whose home had several meetings." This is from "Puritian Meeting Notes in
Wiltshire" provided by Mr. Keith P. Norris, Hon. Archivist of the The Bourne Valley Historical, Record and
Conservation Society (53 Bouverie Avenue / Salisbury / Wiltshire SP2 8DU / England) in a letter dated 17 Feb. 1997.
"The catalogue for U350/Q5 reads:
Complaint by Richard Carpenter, a convert from Roman Catholicism, against his treatment at the hands of Mr Baker, chaplain to Archbishop Laud, against the Bishop himself, and against the Bishop of Chichester. 1640."
I wonder if it is the same person who follows? How does this relate to this Richard?
"Richard Carpenter, Pro. Ret., Idmiaiston" who signed the Protestation Returns 1641-42 in Wiltshire. See the book
by B. J. Carter. Also listed in same record was "Thomas Carpenter, Pro. Ret., Newton Tony."
Was this the same Richard Carpenter baptised 6 Jun 1612 in Newton Tony, Wiltshire, England?
BRIEF HISTORY:
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0829007.html
Laud, William, 1573-1645, archbishop of Canterbury (1633-45). He studied at St. John's College, Oxford, and was
ordained a priest in 1601. From the beginning Laud showed his hostility to Puritanism. He became president of St.
John's College in 1611, dean of Gloucester in 1616, and bishop of London in 1628. Laud thought of the English
church as a branch of the universal church, claimed apostolic succession for the bishops, and believed that the
Anglican ritual should be strictly followed in all churches. To accomplish these ends, Laud, working closely with
Charles I, tried to eliminate Puritans from important positions in the church. As chancellor of Oxford (from 1629) he carried out many reforms, strengthened moral and intellectual discipline, and stamped out Calvinism to make Oxford a royalist stronghold. In 1633, Laud became archbishop of Canterbury and continued on a larger scale his efforts to enforce High Church forms of worship. Through the courts of high commission and Star Chamber he persecuted and imprisoned many nonconformists, such as William Prynne. The tyranny of his courts and his identification of the episcopal form of church government with the absolutism of Charles brought about violent opposition not only from the Puritans but also from those who were jealous of the rights of Parliament. Supporting Charles and the earl of Strafford to the end, Laud was impeached (1640) by the Long Parliament. Found not guilty of treason by the House of Lords (1644), he was condemned to death by the Commons through a bill of attainder.
See biographies by A. Duncan-Jones (1927) and H. Trevor-Roper (2d ed. 1962).
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0817372.html
English civil war, 1642-48, the conflict between King Charles I of England and a large body of his subjects, generally called the "parliamentarians," that culminated in the defeat and execution of the king and the establishment of a republican commonwealth.
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0857994.html
The struggle (ENGLISH CIVIL WAR) has also been called the Puritan Revolution because the religious complexion of the king's opponents was prevailingly Puritan, and because the defeat of the king was accompanied by the abolition of episcopacy. That name, however, overemphasizes the religious element at the expense of the constitutional issues and the underlying social and economic factors. Most simply stated, the constitutional issue was one between a king who claimed to rule by divine right and a Parliament that professed itself to have rights and privileges independent of the crown and that ultimately, by its actions, claimed real sovereignty.
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0846872.html
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, 1st earl of (Straford)
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, 1st earl of, 1593-1641, English statesman. Regularly elected to Parliament from 1614 on, he became one of the critics of George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham, and of the war with Spain. Charles I made him sheriff of Yorkshire in order to exclude him from the Parliament of 1626, but Wentworth continued his opposition and was imprisoned (1627) for refusing to pay the forced loan. In the Parliament of 1628 he advocated a moderate version of the Petition of Right, but when Sir John Eliot and Sir Edward Coke succeeded in carrying their more severe form of the petition, he lost influence. At this point Charles sought his adherence by creating him baron and viscount and president of the council of the north (1628), and Wentworth realigned himself as a firm supporter of royal prerogative. With William Laud, Wentworth evolved the policy known as "Thorough" to achieve an absolutist but just and efficient regime. As lord deputy of Ireland (1632-40) he systematically applied this policy. He cleared the sea of pirates, bolstered trade and industry (always with an eye to England's interest), began a reorganization of the church in Ireland, and enforced reforms in financial administration that doubled the state's revenue. However, his methods were ruthlessly despotic, and he aroused even more fear and hatred. After Charles I's humiliation by the Scots in the first Bishops' War, Wentworth was recalled (1639) to England to become the king's chief adviser. Created earl of Strafford in 1640...
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0857997.html
The First (ENGLISH) Civil War
The followers of king and Parliament did not represent two absolutely distinct social groups, as the popular conception of the royalist Cavaliers and the parliamentary Roundheads would indicate. However, it is true that the parliamentary, or Puritan, group drew much of its strength from the gentry and from the merchant classes and artisans of London, Norwich, Hull, Plymouth, and Gloucester; it centered in the southeastern counties and had control of the fleet. The majority of the great nobles followed the king, who had the support of most Anglicans and Roman Catholics; geographically the royalist strength centered in the north and west.
The first major engagement of the armies at Edgehill (Oct. 23, 1642) was a drawn battle. Charles then established
himself at Oxford. The royalist forces gained ground in the north and west, although repeated attempts by the king to advance on London proved abortive. The indecisive engagements of 1643 were remarkable mainly for the emergence of Oliver Cromwell, an inconspicuous member of the Long Parliament, to military prominence with his own regiment of "godly" men, soon to become famous as the Ironsides.
SEE ALSO:
http://65.107.211.206/religion/puritan.html
MARRIAGE: To Susanna Trevilian dated 1 Sept. 1606 at Dwelly Wells Parish per "Carpenter Chronicles", Page 13, Vol. 4, 1990, by Bette Butcher Topp.
NOTE: THIS MARRIAGE IS WRONG!!! The Richard Carpenter who married Trevilian was born in 1575 in Cornwall, England and died in 1627 in Loxhore, Dorset, England. SEE: E-mails below! Data left here to correct errors. Ann Kent did not marry this Richard Carpenter. See E-MAIL below.
MARRIAGE: Per Mr. W.A. Lyons of the Post Office in Newton Tony, Wiltshire,
England, per letter 18 Mar. 1997: The Marriage Register for Newton Tony shows: "Richard Carpenter and Alice Knight" married on "7 Aug. 1603."
BURIAL: Amesbury Parish Index and Transcript - Burials 1579-1636:
"Richard Carpenter was buryed the 21 daye of September 1625."
NOTE: While not proven, this is likely this Richard Carpenter.
AFN 8LBZ-V1 IS THE SAME PERSON, AS IS ID# 8MH8-Q1, AS IS ID# 8NHZ-Q0 WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE LATER BEING BORN ABT 1580, B.31 JUL 1947 SG, E.23 JAN 1947 SG AND DEATH PLACE AND DATE CONFIRMED.
AFN 8LBZ-V1 (S.P. 18 MAY 1966 MT) AND ID # GG8T-DR (S.P. 12 MAY 1966) ARE THE SAME PERSON. BORN ABOUT 1542?. OF WRINGTON, SOMMERSET, England OR AMESBURY, WILTSHIRE, England.
PARENTS: Early Carpenter books has him the son of William & Abigail Carpenter. However this is wrong. Parentage corrected by wills found in England.
E-MAIL:
From:
To:
Sent: Wednesday, January 19, 2005 6:41 PM
Subject: Re: Rich. of Amesbury
>
> So far as I'm aware, the only document naming Richard Carpenter of Amesbury
> as the father of William1 of Providence is not a will but the latter man's
> deed of gift, dated 4 December 1671, of Amesbury property (formerly his
> father's) to his sister Fridgswett/Fridgsweete (see Third Book of the Town of
> Providence, 477 [FHL 915084]; the oft-repeated "Fridgswith" does not appear [the
> name is properly Frideswide, who was/is the patron saint of Oxford).
>
> While the will of Robert Carpenter of Marden (d. 1607) names a son Richard
> and another William, there is absolutely no independent evidence that either of
> these men was the father of William1 of Providence or William2 of Rehoboth,
> respectively. Richard of Marden, moreover, is the implied recipient of his
> father's real estate there: with his father's widow Elinor, he is to receive
> "[a]ll the reste of [Robert's] goods moveable and unmoveable unbequeathed"
> (all specific bequests are of money, animals, and/or barley) (Prerogative Court
> of Canterbury, 109 Huddleston, fol. 42 [FHL 92029]). As his father's
> principal legatee, Richard had good reason to remain in Marden. (Although spotty
> and inconclusive, Marden parish records [Bishop's Transcripts, beginning in
> 1623] mention several Richard and William Carpenters over the next several
> decades.)
>
> On Amesbury's eastern border is the parish of Newton Toney, where on 7
> August 1603 a Richard Carpenter married Alice Knight, and another Richard
> Carpenter married Ann Kent on 31 October 1603 (Newton Toney Parish Register, unpaged
> [FHL 1279336, item 13]. The latter man died at Newton Toney in 1614 (ibid.;
> Archdeaconry Court of Sarum, Reg. 8, fol. 226 [FHL 994489, item 1]); the only
> Newton Toney record surely of the former is that of his marriage. Among a
> dozen or so legatees named in the 1599 will of Robert Carpenter of Newton
> Toney is Richard Carpenter of "Aymsbury" (relationship not stated), quite
> possibly the man of that name who married Alice Knight (see Prerogative Court of
> Canterbury, 93 Kidd, fol. 47 [FHL 92,005]). Evidence of this or of the couple's
> being Providence William's parents is not found, however. The apparent
> family connection between Robert Carpenter of Newton Toney and Richard Carpenter
> of Amesbury nevertheless tends to diminish further the likelihood that the
> latter was the son of Robert Carpenter of Marden. (I was alerted to the
> above-cited marriage and probate records and their potential implications by John
> R. Carpenter of La Mesa, Calif.)
>
> For any readers harboring the unfortunately popular notion that Richard of
> Amesbury married at Nettlecombe, Somerset, and resided thereafter in that
> county, I should add the following: "[H]oping to assist further research," Elisha
> Arnold introduces the 1606 marriage of Richard Carpenter and Susanna
> Trevelian, recorded at Nettlecombe, Somerset (seventy plus miles from Amesbury), as
> "seem[ing] to connect in some way with a John and Richard at Salisbury, 7
> miles from Amesbury" (Elisha Stephen Arnold, _The Arnold Memorial: William
> Arnold of Providence and Pawtuxet, 1587-1675 . . ._ [Rutland, Vt., 1935], 35). So
> as to put William1 Carpenter of Providence and his eventual wife, Elizabeth
> Arnold, in close proximity in England (the evidence is now overwhelming that
> they met and married in America), overzealous researchers have converted this
> item into the now frequently seen (online) assertions that Richard and
> Susanna (Trevelian) Carpenter were Providence William's parents and that Richard
> died at the Arnolds' home of Ilchester, Somerset, in 1625. Trevelian's
> husband, however, died at Loxhore, Devon, in 1627 and left neither a son William
> nor a daughter Frideswide (Charles William Boase, ed., _Registrum Collegii
> Exoniensis: Register of . . . Exeter College, Oxford_ [Oxford, 1894], 86;
> Frederick Brown, _Abstracts of Somersetshire Wills, etc._, Frederick Arthur Crisp,
> transcriber, 6 vols. [London, 1887-90], 2:109-10). The Richard Carpenter
> buried at Amesbury, 21 September 1625, is far more likely to have been Providence
> William's father than one said to have died at Ilchester that year (see
> Amesbury Parish Register, vol. 1, unpaged; Daniel Hoogland Carpenter, _History
> and Genealogy of the Carpenter Family in America, from the Settlement at
> Providence, R.I., 1637-1901_ [Jamaica, N.Y., 1901], 8n).
>
> Gene Z.
E-MAIL: Wed, 15 Mar 2000 From: Bruce Woodworth
John,
I know that you have done an enormous amount of work on the Carpenter
family, and I wanted to hear your thoughts on the issue of the
connection of William Carpenter of RI (my 8G grandfather) to the Richard
that was married to Susanna Trevilian. Apparently the will of that
Richard names his children, and William is not mentioned.
In "Somerset Wills" 11.109, the will of Richard Carpenter is found,
Pastor of Sheviock Devenport (near Plymouth), August 9, 1625. Proved Feb
17, 1627/8, by the relict, Susan Carpenter, daughter of John Trevelian
Esq. of Nettlecombe, mentions, son John Carpenter, student at Exeter
College, Oxon, eldest daughter Susan, dau. Mary, my son Richard, 3rd
dau. Ann, 4th dau. Elizabeth, 3rd son Edward, 5th dau. Sarah, 4th son,
and youngest child Thomas, his brother John Carpenter of Salisbury, and
three sisters, Jane, Ann, and Agness.
Regards, Bruce Woodworth GREAT QUESTION!!! ERROR FOUND AND CORRECTED!
SEE: "The Arnold Memorial, William Arnold of Providence and Pawtuxet,
1587-1675, and a Genealogy of His Descendants", compiled by Elisha
Stephen Arnold, 1935. The Tuttle Publishing Company, Rutland, VT.
In that book is the phrase:
In "Somerset Wills" 11.109, the will of Richard Carpenter is found,
Pastor of Sheviock Devenport (near Plymouth), August 9, 1625. Proved Feb
17, 1627/8, by the relict, Susan Carpenter, daughter of John Trevelian
Esq. of Nettlecombe, mentions, son John* Carpenter, student at Exeter
College, Oxon, eldest daughter Susan*, dau. Mary*, my son Richard*, 3rd
dau. Ann*, 4th dau. Elizabeth*, 3rd son Edward*, 5th dau. Sarah*, 4th son, and
youngest child Thomas*, his brother John Carpenter of Salisbury, and three
sisters, Jane, Ann, and Agness. "The Arnold Memorial, William Arnold of
of Providence and Pawtuxet, 1587-1675, and a Genealogy of His Descendants",
compiled by Elisha Stephen Arnold, 1935.
NOTE: The children above marked with "*" were once assigned to Richard
Carpenter (b. abt 1575) of Amesbury who married Alice Knight AND WHO MANY
BELIEVED to have married Susanna TRIVILIAN. This was wrong.
E-MAIL: Tue, 12 Oct 1999 From: "Bruce E. Carpenter"
I am finding some interesting data in Oxford
University documents and thought the following might
be of use to Providence Carpenters.
"Richard Carpenter,pleb., b. 1575, M. 28 May 1592 age
15, B.A. 19 Feb. 1595/6; Corn. 1596, res. 30 June 1606;
M.A. 7 Nov. 1598, B.D. 25 June 1611, D.D. 10 Feb. 1616/7; ?V. of
Cullompton 12 Feb 1601, res. 1626, Eccl. Ant. i. 114; R.of
Sherwill 1605, Georgeham 1606, Loxhore 1611, d. Loxhore 18 Dec.1627
age 52; m. Susanna d. of John Trevelyan of Nettlecombe, Som.; Travelyan
Papers (Camden Soc.) iii.p. XXV. (battels at that time); Drake 246; Reg. 16
July 1602 'dimidia pars pecuniarum mutuo concessa est M. Carpenter quas
expensurus esset in novis
extruendis musaeis supra cameram suam, quae inferiori parti
sacelli ex adverso oppononitur; eadem prorsus conditione
et lege qua antea 13o die Martii pecuniae mutuo datae sunt
maistris Baskerville et Chambers aedificaturis"; Clark i. 213 Nat. Biog.
Sorry for the abbreviations and Latin. The data is
from the REGISTER OF EXETER COLLEGE. There were other Carpenters,
and Batts, associated with this Oxford University College.
Sincerely, Bruce 'de Rehoboth' Carpenter.
Additional data from Bruce E. Carpenter:
Carpenter, Richard 1575-1627
Dates: 1575-1627. Active Date: 1615 Gender: Male. Field of Interest:
Religion and Occultism. Occupation: Divine. Place of Birth: Cornwall.
Education: Exeter College, Oxford. Burial: Loxhore Church.
Spouse: See text. Sources: Wood's Athen Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 418;
Boase's Reg... Contributor: W. P. C. [William Prideaux Courtney].
Article:
Carpenter, Richard 1575-1627, divine, was born in Cornwall in 1575. He
matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford, on 28 May 1592, and took his
degrees of B.A. on 19 Feb. 1595-6, B.D. 25 June 1611, and D.D. 10 Feb.
1616-17. He was elected to a Cornish fellowship at his college on 30 June
1596, and retained it until 30 June 1606, during which time he devoted his,
attention, under the advice of Thomas Holland, the rector of Exeter College,
to the study of theology, and became noted for his preaching powers.
In 1606 he was appointed by Sir Robert Chichester to the rectories of
Sherwell and Loxhore, near Barnstaple, and it has been suggested that
he was the Richard Carpenter who from 1601 to 1626 held the vicarage
of Collumpton. While he was a tutor at Oxford, Christopher Trevelyan,
a son of John Trevelyan of Nettlecombe, Somersetshire, who married
Urith, daughter of Sir John Chichester of Devonshire, was among his
pupils, and through this introduction to these families Carpenter
married Susanna, his pupil's youngest sister, and obtained his benefice
from Sir Robert Chichester. He died on 18 Dec. 1627, and was buried
in the chancel of Loxhore Church, where a monument was erected to
his memory. Carpenter's literary productions were confined to theology.
He was the author of: 1. `A Sermon preached at the Funeral
Solemnities of Sir Arthur Ackland,' 9 Jan. 1611-12. 2. `
A Pastoral Charge at the Triennial Visitation of the Bishop of Exon.
at Barnstaple,' 1616. 3. `Christ's Larum Bell of Love resounded,'
1616. 4. `The Concionable Christian,' three sermons preached
before the judges of the circuit in 1620, London, 1623. His learning is
highly praised by Charles Fitzgeoffry in his `Affani,' and two letters
addressed to him by Degory Wheare in 1603 and 1621 are in the `Epistol
Eucharistic' subjoined to the latter's `Pietas erga Benefactores,' 1628.
Some verses by Carpenter are printed in the `Funebre Officium in memoriam
Elizabeth Angli regin' of the university of Oxford, 1603, and in the
collection (`Pietas erga Jacobum Angli regem') with which that body in the
same year welcomed the new king.
Sources: Wood's Athen Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 418; Boase's Reg. of Exeter Coll. pp.
52-3, 210; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. pp. 63, 1115; Trevelyan Papers,
pt. iii. (Camden Soc. 1872), pp. xxvi, 77, 84, 110-12, 138-40; Arber's
Stationers' Registers, iii. 496, 596, iv. 81.
Contributor: W. P. C. Published 1886.
E-MAIL:
From:
To:
Sent: Wednesday, January 19, 2005 6:41 PM
Subject: Re: Rich. of Amesbury
>
> So far as I'm aware, the only document naming Richard Carpenter of Amesbury
> as the father of William1 of Providence is not a will but the latter man's
> deed of gift, dated 4 December 1671, of Amesbury property (formerly his
> father's) to his sister Fridgswett/Fridgsweete (see Third Book of the Town of
> Providence, 477 [FHL 915084]; the oft-repeated "Fridgswith" does not appear [the
> name is properly Frideswide, who was/is the patron saint of Oxford).
>
> While the will of Robert Carpenter of Marden (d. 1607) names a son Richard
> and another William, there is absolutely no independent evidence that either of
> these men was the father of William1 of Providence or William2 of Rehoboth,
> respectively. Richard of Marden, moreover, is the implied recipient of his
> father's real estate there: with his father's widow Elinor, he is to receive
> "[a]ll the reste of [Robert's] goods moveable and unmoveable unbequeathed"
> (all specific bequests are of money, animals, and/or barley) (Prerogative Court
> of Canterbury, 109 Huddleston, fol. 42 [FHL 92029]). As his father's
> principal legatee, Richard had good reason to remain in Marden. (Although spotty
> and inconclusive, Marden parish records [Bishop's Transcripts, beginning in
> 1623] mention several Richard and William Carpenters over the next several
> decades.)
>
> On Amesbury's eastern border is the parish of Newton Toney, where on 7
> August 1603 a Richard Carpenter married Alice Knight, and another Richard
> Carpenter married Ann Kent on 31 October 1603 (Newton Toney Parish Register, unpaged
> [FHL 1279336, item 13]. The latter man died at Newton Toney in 1614 (ibid.;
> Archdeaconry Court of Sarum, Reg. 8, fol. 226 [FHL 994489, item 1]); the only
> Newton Toney record surely of the former is that of his marriage. Among a
> dozen or so legatees named in the 1599 will of Robert Carpenter of Newton
> Toney is Richard Carpenter of "Aymsbury" (relationship not stated), quite
> possibly the man of that name who married Alice Knight (see Prerogative Court of
> Canterbury, 93 Kidd, fol. 47 [FHL 92,005]). Evidence of this or of the couple's
> being Providence William's parents is not found, however. The apparent
> family connection between Robert Carpenter of Newton Toney and Richard Carpenter
> of Amesbury nevertheless tends to diminish further the likelihood that the
> latter was the son of Robert Carpenter of Marden. (I was alerted to the
> above-cited marriage and probate records and their potential implications by John
> R. Carpenter of La Mesa, Calif.)
>
> For any readers harboring the unfortunately popular notion that Richard of
> Amesbury married at Nettlecombe, Somerset, and resided thereafter in that
> county, I should add the following: "[H]oping to assist further research," Elisha
> Arnold introduces the 1606 marriage of Richard Carpenter and Susanna
> Trevelian, recorded at Nettlecombe, Somerset (seventy plus miles from Amesbury), as
> "seem[ing] to connect in some way with a John and Richard at Salisbury, 7
> miles from Amesbury" (Elisha Stephen Arnold, _The Arnold Memorial: William
> Arnold of Providence and Pawtuxet, 1587-1675 . . ._ [Rutland, Vt., 1935], 35). So
> as to put William1 Carpenter of Providence and his eventual wife, Elizabeth
> Arnold, in close proximity in England (the evidence is now overwhelming that
> they met and married in America), overzealous researchers have converted this
> item into the now frequently seen (online) assertions that Richard and
> Susanna (Trevelian) Carpenter were Providence William's parents and that Richard
> died at the Arnolds' home of Ilchester, Somerset, in 1625. Trevelian's
> husband, however, died at Loxhore, Devon, in 1627 and left neither a son William
> nor a daughter Frideswide (Charles William Boase, ed., _Registrum Collegii
> Exoniensis: Register of . . . Exeter College, Oxford_ [Oxford, 1894], 86;
> Frederick Brown, _Abstracts of Somersetshire Wills, etc._, Frederick Arthur Crisp,
> transcriber, 6 vols. [London, 1887-90], 2:109-10). The Richard Carpenter
> buried at Amesbury, 21 September 1625, is far more likely to have been Providence
> William's father than one said to have died at Ilchester that year (see
> Amesbury Parish Register, vol. 1, unpaged; Daniel Hoogland Carpenter, _History
> and Genealogy of the Carpenter Family in America, from the Settlement at
> Providence, R.I., 1637-1901_ [Jamaica, N.Y., 1901], 8n).
>
> Gene Z.
2.
Dorothy Carpenter "See Notes"